One of the methods is the nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) method to measure particle-by particle with high-resolution (i.e., (LM20) and (NS500) by NanoSight). In addition, other techniques are used to analyze the size of microparticles. It is an optical method and a nonintrusive measurement. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to provide the velocity field of air bubbles. Measuring the velocity of bubbles is also an important factor to optimize the bubble generation process.
Examples of the cluster splitting method to detect bubbles are the threshold with the watershed algorithm and the threshold with the inverted algorithm. An example of a bubble detection method is the binary mask method to discriminate bubbles. Bubble detection and cluster splitting methods can be used to detect bubbles. Some image processing algorithms have been developed to detect the actual bubble size. Image processing can be used to improve bubble detection for bubble size measurements. The overlapping bubble effect is a major challenge when measuring the bubble size.
Bubble coalescence or break-up can cause an overlapping bubble effect. The air bubble size was determined in a liquid medium using optical measurements. studied the behavior of bubbles during bubble coalescence and bubble break- up. described bubble interaction mechanisms to understand some phenomena (e.g., bubble coalescence and break-up) by determining the bubble size and rising velocity. Bubble coalescence and break-up effects make measuring bubble sizes challenging. The sizes of air bubbles have been measured in many studies.
Malvern zetasizer air bubble in contact generator#
Īir bubble size measurements are an important parameter to control the air bubble generator operation. There are three types of bubble generation: pressurized dissolution, gas–water circulation, and Venturi. However, pollutant emissions, such as NOx and SOx, can be decreased using bubble generation technology with fuel.
In addition, the residual air bubble distribution with diesel was experimentally and numerically studied on the nozzle spray. investigated the effect of residual air bubbles on the diesel engine during the injection process. Bubble transportation and mechanisms of bubble breakup were also studied. Many studies were focused on the size distribution of air bubbles measurements to control air–fuel mixing by applying the liquid and airflow rates. Air bubble generation technology has been used to improve vehicle efficiency by reducing fuel consumption and reducing the fuel–air ratio. The enhancement of engine performance and reduced pollutant emissions can impact positively on the environment and energy. The highest velocity distribution was determined to be 90 mm/s for diesel without air bubbles and 20 mm/s for diesel with air bubbles after a month of the bubble generation. Then, we used the OpenPIV program for PIV image processing. In addition, the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to measure the velocity field. The micro air bubble radius measured in diesel was found to be 6.26 µm in the sample after a month from air bubble generation. We measured the size distribution of air bubbles generated using the ImageJ program. An available optical system with a 10× objective lens can detect a bubble diameter greater than 3.3 µm that air bubble images were processed using the ImageJ program.
Another optical system with a 10× objective lens was used to obtain the size distribution of air bubbles generated in diesel. First, the optical system without an objective lens was used to determine the velocity of air bubbles in diesel. Two optical systems were used for measurement air bubble sizes and their velocities in diesel. The air bubble radius and velocity measurements can be useful parameters to optimize the bubble generation process.
Malvern zetasizer air bubble in contact series#
A KTM Series Pump was used to generate micro air bubbles in diesel. In this paper, we determine the bubble size and velocity from air bubble generation (MBG) in a diesel using optical methods.
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