Other landmark publications of the Enlightenment included Voltaire's Letters on the English (1733) and Dictionnaire philosophique ( Philosophical Dictionary 1764) Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature (1740) Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws (1748) Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality (1754) and The Social Contract (1762) Adam Smith's The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and The Wealth of Nations (1776) and Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781).Įnlightenment thought was deeply influential in the political realm. The Encyclopédie helped in spreading the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyond.
Published between 17 in thirty-five volumes, it was compiled by Denis Diderot, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and a team of 150 other intellectuals. One particularly influential Enlightenment publication was the Encyclopédie ( Encyclopedia). Some of the major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Denis Diderot, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, John Locke, Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith, Hugo Grotius, Baruch Spinoza, and Voltaire. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon and René Descartes. The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the Scientific Revolution. With the publication of this book, the development of the Age of Enlightenment is considered generally ended. The most famous work by Nicholas de Condorcet, Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progres de l'esprit humain, 1795. 9.1 Social and cultural implications in the arts.The Enlightenment was marked by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy-an attitude captured by Immanuel Kant's essay Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment, where the phrase Sapere aude (Dare to know) can be found. In France, the central doctrines of the Enlightenment philosophers were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to an absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Church. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism, communism, and neoclassicism, trace their intellectual heritage to the Enlightenment. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Catholic Church and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. Philosophers and scientists of the period widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffeehouses and in printed books, journals, and pamphlets. Many historians now date the end of the Enlightenment as the start of the 19th century, with the latest proposed year being the death of Immanuel Kant in 1804. European historians traditionally date its beginning with the death of Louis XIV of France in 1715 and its end with the 1789 outbreak of the French Revolution. Others cite the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica (1687) as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution and the beginning of the Enlightenment. Some date the beginning of the Enlightenment back to the publication of René Descartes' Discourse on the Method in 1637, featuring his famous dictum, Cogito, ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am"). The Enlightenment has its roots in a European intellectual and scholarly movement known as Renaissance humanism and was also preceded by the Scientific Revolution and the work of Francis Bacon, among others. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on the value of human happiness, the pursuit of knowledge obtained by means of reason and the evidence of the senses, and ideals such as liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state. The Age of Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Reason or simply the Enlightenment) was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries.
0 kommentar(er)
